Professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction, this series of reports deals with ongoing research by NASA into a risk reduction strategy for human space exploration and planned manned missions to Mars. Each report deals with a unique aspect of the human research needed to pursue long-duration missions. Many of the reports contain exclusive details about medical events impacting astronauts and cosmonauts on earlier flights, including Mir, Space Shuttle, and ISS Space Station missions.

Each risk Evidence Report contains a narrative discussion of the risk and its supporting evidence. All cited publicly-available references are listed at the end of the report. In addition, data that are significant or pivotal are summarized in text, tables, and charts in sufficient detail to allow the reader to critique the data and draw conclusions. The authors also indicate whether the data are from human, animal, or tissue, cellular, or molecular studies. The reports discuss evidence from both spaceflight (including biomedical research, Medical Requirements Integration Document [MRID] data, and operational performance or clinical observations) and ground (including space analog research and non-space analog biomedical or clinical research) research. When providing evidence from ground-based studies, authors discuss why these results are likely to be applicable in the space environment, offering any available validation information for the use of these ground-based systems.

Reports included in this compilation:

Evidence Report: Risk of Performance Errors Due to Training Deficiencies * Risk of Acute or Late Central Nervous System Effects from Radiation Exposure * Risk of Acute Radiation Syndromes Due to Solar Particle Events * Risk of Degenerative Tissue or Other Health Effects from Radiation Exposure

Human error has been implicated as a causal factor in nearly two thirds of mishaps across NASA, and similar situations exist in related domains like commercial and military aviation (70-80% of incidents and accidents involve human error directly, and 100% of accidents and incidents involve human limitations in some way. In a significant proportion of incidents involving human error, incorrect procedure execution played a role.

The foundation of evidence for acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is ground-based observations for humans who were exposed to ionizing radiation, and well-defined dose projections for space explorations missions. Scenarios in which ARS is likely to have a major health impact entail nuclear power plant workers in the event of a nuclear accident; military personnel, in the event of nuclear war; and the general population, should a terrorist attack occur that involves nuclear devices.

Crew health and performance is critical to successful human exploration beyond low Earth orbit. The Human Research Program (HRP) investigates and mitigates the highest risks to human health and performance, providing essential countermeasures and technologies for human space exploration. Risks include physiological and performance effects from hazards such as radiation, altered gravity, and hostile environments, as well as unique challenges in medical support, human factors, and behavioral health support. The HRP utilizes an Integrated Research Plan (IRP) to identify the approach and research activities planned to address these risks, which are assigned to specific Elements within the program.

The HRP utilizes various research platforms to conduct research. Ground research occurs in laboratories and analogs that mimic a portion of the spaceflight environment. In addition, the International Space Station (ISS) is used to conduct...