This excellent report has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction. Balancing strategic and operational needs with both military and environmental ethics is certainly not impossible, and responsible armed forces are already beginning to think about how best to balance what superficially seem to be (but actually are not) competing imperatives. Air forces face the greatest challenges. During both peace and war they have far greater carbon footprints than armies and navies. They use potentially more devastating ordnance. Their targets traditionally include objects in or near population centers and the aquifers, waterways, soils, and food sources that sustain them. Also, because of historic targeting trends that appear likely to continue for some years—a feature of several chapters herein—air forces cause far worse damage to environmentally significant production, storage, and distribution infrastructure, much of which is based on petroleum, oil, lubricants, or chemicals.

The manufacture and testing of aircraft are themselves major industrial undertakings that have always, and especially during wartime, damaged local ecosystems, sometimes substantially and perhaps in some cases permanently. Even when airframes were made mainly of canvas stretched over wood, the need for certain types of strong and light wood resulted in both deforestation and, paradoxically, the planting of new forests for future generations of aircraft that were never built. Although this may seem to have been environmentally cost-neutral, the planting of certain tree species in new regions permanently modified and upset fragile ecosystems. By the time of the Second World War, when most aircraft were composed mainly of various metals and alloys and relatively little wood, the industrial pollution caused by the aircraft industry was staggering (after all, hundreds of thousands of aircraft were built, a great portion of them were destroyed, and all the rest were later scrapped). Authors within this volume have addressed aspects of this pollution, although there is still much more for scholars to research and write.

Chapter 1 - The Impact of War on the Environment, Public Health, and Natural Resources * Chapter 2 - "Very Large Secondary Effects": Environmental Considerations in the Planning of the British Strategic Bombing Offensive against Germany, 1939-1945 * Chapter 3 - The Environmental Impact of the US Army Air Forces' Production and Training Infrastructure on the Great Plains * Chapter 4 - Airpower and the Targeting of a Nation's Energy Infrastructure * Chapter 5 - The Forest and the Trees: Aerial Eradication in South Vietnam and Afghanistan * Chapter 6 - Airpower and the Environment: Applications in Developing Countries * Chapter 7 - Airpower and Collateral Damage: Theory, Practice, and Challenges * Chapter 8 - Environmental Degradation and Conflict in Africa: How AFRICOM Can Help Africans * Chapter 9 - Toward a Stable African Continent: The Role of AFRICOM and the USAF in Building Partnerships through Environmental Security * Chapter 10 - "Making the Desert Green": The Effect of Environmental Considerations on the Deployment of the Israeli Air Force in the Negev * Chapter 11 - Airpower and the Environment: Some Ecological Implications of Modern Warfare