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#1 The German Empire was ended when the First World War was lost, and the country was torn apart by political turmoil. The liberals and moderates tried to preserve some aspects of the old order as the state started to collapse into total chaos.

#2 The German government, led by the SPD and its allies, the USPD, formed a provisional government on 16 December 1918, and began working on a new constitution. The Spartacists, a communist group, planned to take power through armed rebellion.

#3 On 23 December 1918, the Spartacists, together with renegade sailors of the Volksmarine Division, attempted to seize power in Berlin. Units of the regular army were summoned to help, but they refused to fire on civilian defenders supporting the revolutionaries. The provisional government turned to the Free Corps.

#4 The Weimar Republic was a liberal democracy that was established in Germany after the First World War. It was widely regarded as a model of liberalism, but it had many flaws that allowed Hitler to come to power.