This book details the importance of the many years of excavation Sarakenos Cave, Greece, carried out from 1994 until today. This site has been proven to be the largest inhabited cave of the prehistoric period in Greece with 12 phases of habitation from the Middle Paleolithic to the Bronze Age.The text discusses the cultural sequence from the time when Neanderthals settled in the cave around 40000 years BP until the end of prehistory. Special importance is given to the paleo-environment (vegetation and climate) of the area per period, which is reconstructed based on pollen samples collected during the excavations.